A Snapshot of Occupational Licensing in Texas
Edward Timmons1, Conor Norris1, and Noah Trudeau1,2
1: Knee Center for the Study of Occupational Regulation, West Virginia University
2: Troy University, Alabama
Occupational licensing makes it illegal to work in an occupation before meeting state-mandated entry requirements that often include minimum levels of education and training, paying fees to the state, and passing exams. Nationally, 21% of workers are licensed. [1]
Licensing requirements for the same profession vary significantly across states. The 2023 State Occupational Licensing Index (SOLI) ranks states by the number of occupations that are licensed. [2] The SOLI database focuses on 331 occupations that are available in the Knee Center licensing database. [3]
Texas’s SOLI ranking
In the 2023 SOLI, Texas ranks 2nd nationally (with 1st being the most burdensome).
Texas makes it illegal to work in 207 of the 331 occupations examined. This is
more than 25 more occupations than the national average of 179 and 60 more than
Kansas—the state with the fewest legal barriers (147) to working nationally.
Uniquely licensed occupations in Texas
Among the 207 occupations that Texas establishes minimum entry requirements to begin working, there are 35 occupations that are licensed in 20 states or fewer nationally. Table 1 provides a full list of these occupations and there is also a separate excel file with full details for interested readers.
Texas is the only state in the country to issue a separate license for 3 occupations: electrical sign apprentice, mold remediation worker, and electrician technician apprentices. Texas is also one of only 2 states to license mold assessment consultants and one of 9 states to license hypnotherapists.
Table 1: Uniquely licensed occupations in Texas
|
Occupation |
Total States |
|
Electrical Sign Apprentice |
1 |
|
Mold Remediation Worker |
1 |
|
Electrician Technician Apprentice |
1 |
|
Mold Assessment Consultant |
2 |
|
Tradesman Plumber |
2 |
|
Electrical Sign Contractor |
3 |
|
Backflow Prevention Tester |
5 |
|
Lineman |
5 |
|
Mold Assessor Inspector |
5 |
|
Limited Building Maintenance Electrician/Journeyperson |
6 |
|
Orthotic Assistant |
6 |
|
Prosthetic Assistant |
6 |
|
Mold Remediation Contractor |
7 |
|
Psychological Associate |
8 |
|
Certified Sewage Septic Evaluator |
9 |
|
Plumbing Inspector |
9 |
|
Psychotherapy/Hypnotherapist/Hypnotist |
9 |
|
Art Therapist |
9 |
|
Professional Fighting Referee |
10 |
|
Animal Breeder |
10 |
|
Animal Control Officer |
11 |
|
Auctioneer Apprentice |
11 |
|
Surgical Technologist |
11 |
|
Certified Sewage Septic Inspector |
12 |
|
Certified Real Estate Evaluator |
15 |
|
Geologist in Training |
15 |
|
Orthotist |
15 |
|
Paraprofessional Certification Teachers Aide |
16 |
|
Prosthetist |
16 |
|
Investment Advisor |
17 |
|
Polygraph Examiner Intern/Trainee |
17 |
|
Pyrotechnic Operator |
17 |
|
Perfusionist |
18 |
|
Sanitarian Trainee/Aide |
19 |
|
Behavior Analyst Assistants |
20 |
Sources: State Occupational Licensing Index 2023 Master File and Knee Center Occupational Licensing Database.
Why Licensing Reform is Important
By making it illegal to work in more than 205 occupations, and uniquely licensing at least 35 occupations, Texas is imposing significant cost on its citizens.
Existing economic research suggests that occupational licensing raises prices by as much as 16%. [4] Licensing also reduces employment by as much as 27% by making it more difficult to begin working in licensed professions. [5] Nationally, it is estimated that occupational licensing results in 2 million fewer jobs being created each year. [6]
Although licensing may have historically resulted in some benefits to consumers
[7], there is little evidence that it is helping consumers in the present.
Recent work finds little evidence that occupational licensing is improving the
quality of services provided to consumers in the US and Europe.
[8]
In summary, Texas currently places unique restrictions on its citizens to begin working. These restrictions are very costly and generate little to no measurable benefits for consumers. Following the lead of the majority of other states and choosing less restrictive ways to regulate and protect consumers would be in the best interest of Texas citizens.
[1] Data on certifications and licenses (CPS), Bureau of Labor Statistics, https://www.bls.gov/cps/certifications-and-licenses.htm, January 25, 2023.
[2] Noah Trudeau and Edward Timmons. State Occupational Licensing Index 2023. Archbridge Institute, https://www.archbridgeinstitute.org/state-occupational-licensing-index-2023/, March 20, 2023.
[3] https://csorwvu.com/
[4] President Obama White House, Occupational Licensing: A Framework for Policymakers, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/licensing_report_final_nonembargo.pdf, July 2015.
[5] Peter Blair and Bobby Chung, (2019), How Much of Barrier to Entry is Occupational Licensing?. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 57: 919-943
[6] Evgeny Vorotnikov and Morris Kleiner, (2018), At What Cost? State and National Estimates of the Economic Costs of Occupational Licensing., Institute for Justice, https://ij.org/report/at-what-cost/#:~:text=By%20a%20conservative%20measure%20of,reach%20%24184%20billion%20or%20more.
[7] D. Mark Anderson, Ryan Brown, Kerwin Kofi Charles, and Daniel I. Rees, (2020), Occupational Licensing and Maternal Health: Evidence from Early Midwifery Laws., Journal of Political Economy, 128(11): 4337-4383.
[8] Morris Kleiner and Maria Koumenta (Eds.). (2022). Grease or grit? International case studies of occupational licensing and its effects on efficiency and quality. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.