A Snapshot of Occupational Licensing in Virginia
Edward Timmons1, Conor Norris1, and Noah Trudeau1,2
1: Knee Center for the Study of Occupational Regulation, Virginia University
2: Troy University, Alabama
Occupational licensing makes it illegal to work in an occupation before meeting state-mandated entry requirements that often include minimum levels of education and training, paying fees to the state, and passing exams. Nationally, 21% of workers are licensed.[1]
Licensing requirements for the same profession vary significantly across states. The 2023 State Occupational Licensing Index (SOLI) ranks states by the number of occupations that are licensed.[2] The SOLI database focuses on 331 occupations that are available in the Knee Center licensing database.[3]
Virginia’s SOLI ranking
In the 2023 SOLI, Virginia ranks 14th nationally
(with 1st being the most burdensome). Virginia makes it illegal to
work in 189 of the 331 occupations examined. This is 10 more occupations than
the national average of 179 and more than 40 more than Kansas—the state with the
fewest legal barriers (147) to working nationally.
Uniquely licensed occupations in Virginia
Among the 189 occupations that Virginia establishes minimum entry requirements to begin working, there are 19 occupations that are licensed in 20 states or fewer nationally. Table 1 provides a full list of these occupations and there is also a separate excel file with full details for interested readers.
Virginia is one of only 3 states in the country to license rental listing referral agents. Virginia is also one of only ten states to license soil scientists and one of eleven states to license animal control officers.
Table 1: Uniquely licensed occupations in Virginia
|
Occupation |
Total States |
|
Rental Listing Referral Agent |
3 |
|
Journeyman Gas Fitter |
8 |
|
Master Gas Fitter |
9 |
|
General Commercial Contractor |
10 |
|
Soil Scientist |
10 |
|
Animal Control Officer |
11 |
|
Irrigation Contractor |
11 |
|
Vehicle Factory Representative |
12 |
|
Insurance Administrator |
12 |
|
Soil Tester/Classifier |
13 |
|
Gas Fitter |
15 |
|
Polysomnographic Technologist |
15 |
|
Professional Wrestler |
15 |
|
Paraprofessional/Teacher's Aide |
16 |
|
Milk Weigher/Sampler |
16 |
|
Polygraph Examiner Intern/Trainee |
17 |
|
Body Piercing Artist |
18 |
|
Optician Apprentice/Trainee |
18 |
|
Behavior Analyst Assistant |
20 |
Sources: State Occupational Licensing Index 2023 Master File and Knee Center Occupational Licensing Database.
Why Licensing Reform is Important
By making it illegal to work in 189 occupations, and uniquely licensing at least 19 occupations, Virginia is imposing significant cost on its citizens.
Existing economic research suggests that occupational licensing raises prices by as much as 16%.[4] Licensing also reduces employment by as much as 27% by making it more difficult to begin working in licensed professions.[5] Nationally, it is estimated that occupational licensing results in 2 million fewer jobs being created each year.[6]
Although licensing may have historically resulted in some benefits to consumers[7], there is little evidence that it is helping consumers in the present. Recent work finds little evidence that occupational licensing is improving the quality of services provided to consumers in the US and Europe.[8]
In summary, Virginia currently places unique restrictions on its citizens to begin working. These restrictions are very costly and generate little to no measurable benefits for consumers. Following the lead of the majority of other states and choosing less restrictive ways to regulate and protect consumers would be in the best interest of Virginia citizens.
[1] Data on certifications and licenses (CPS), Bureau of Labor Statistics, https://www.bls.gov/cps/certifications-and-licenses.htm, January 25, 2023.
[2] Noah Trudeau and Edward Timmons. State Occupational Licensing Index 2023. Archbridge Institute, https://www.archbridgeinstitute.org/state-occupational-licensing-index-2023/, March 20, 2023.
[3] https://csorwvu.com/
[4] President Obama White House, Occupational Licensing: A Framework for Policymakers, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/licensing_report_final_nonembargo.pdf, July 2015.
[5] Peter Blair and Bobby Chung, (2019), How Much of Barrier to Entry is Occupational Licensing?. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 57: 919-943
[6] Evgeny Vorotnikov and Morris Kleiner, (2018), At What Cost? State and National Estimates of the Economic Costs of Occupational Licensing., Institute for Justice, https://ij.org/report/at-what-cost/#:~:text=By%20a%20conservative%20measure%20of,reach%20%24184%20billion%20or%20more.
[7] D. Mark Anderson, Ryan Brown, Kerwin Kofi Charles, and Daniel I. Rees, (2020), Occupational Licensing and Maternal Health: Evidence from Early Midwifery Laws., Journal of Political Economy, 128(11): 4337-4383.
[8] Morris Kleiner and Maria Koumenta (Eds.). (2022). Grease or grit? International case studies of occupational licensing and its effects on efficiency and quality. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.